Last updated: 2026-09-23

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Undergraduate level

How to Read This Section: Project Guidance Through Pedagogy, Andragogy, Heutagogy, and Rhizome

How Much Structure to Impose uses a final-year project brief as a worked example of how a single piece of guidance usually mixes more than one of Knowles', Hase and Kenyon's, and Cormier's four positions — see Pedagogy, Andragogy, Heutagogy, Rhizome for the theory itself. This page takes its own advice and applies it for real, to the actual pages in this Project Guidance section, rather than a generic example. Knowing which kind of guidance you're reading changes what you should do with it: a pedagogic rule is followed, not negotiated; a heutagogic prompt is a decision that's genuinely yours to make.

Pedagogy: Fixed, Non-Negotiable, and Correctly So

A small number of things in this section aren't advice at all — they're requirements, stated as such, and the theory page's own point applies directly: this isn't a lesser mode to escape as fast as possible, it's the correct choice for a rule that has to hold regardless of how a specific student would prefer to work.

  • Issue Tracking's "Keep the Repository Private" section is explicitly a hard rule, not a recommendation — a final-year project repository stays Private for the duration of assessment, full stop, for academic-integrity reasons that don't bend to individual preference.
  • Building a Professional Portfolio's coursework-sharing question is fixed by whoever sets the assessment, not by the student — the student's job is to find out the answer, not decide it.

Andragogy: The Outcome Is Fixed, the Method Is Yours

Most of this section's testable, structural advice sits here: a real requirement exists, stated as a concrete, checkable outcome, but how you actually get there is left to you.

  • Writing the Project Initiation Document fixes the format (numbered objectives and deliverables, a marker can read it in five minutes) but not what those objectives actually are.
  • The Report as the Front-End fixes what the final report has to demonstrate — evidence-first writing that survives scrutiny — without fixing which specific evidence-gathering practices got you there.
  • Scaffolding, the ZPD, and Using GenAI Well gives a testable three-part check (fading, contingency, transfer) for whether an AI assistant is being used well, without dictating whether or how much you use one at all.
  • Types of Teamwork is a decision-support vocabulary rather than a rule either way — it doesn't tell a team which of the four interdependence patterns to use, it gives the language to notice which one actually fits a given piece of work.

Heutagogy: Fixed Only That You Deliver Something Real

These pages assume you already have enough foundational competency (see the theory page's own caveat about heutagogy's precondition) to be trusted with the actual path, not just the pace.

Rhizome: The Field Has Moved Since This Was Written

Three pages in this section point outward on purpose, at a real, currently-evolving project rather than a fixed syllabus item — the rhizomatic move the theory page describes as treating the practitioner community, not the handbook, as the actual current curriculum.

Note well. Most individual pieces of guidance in this section mix more than one of these four modes, the same way the worked example on the design-guide page does — a page sitting under one heading above is its dominant mode, not its only one.